Such questioning is justified because sample heterogeneity can increase the variability of and even mask results. These two concepts race and ethnicity are often confused despite their subtle differences.
Race includes phenotypic characteristics such as skin color whereas ethnicity also encompasses cultural factors such as nationality, tribal affiliation, religion, language and traditions of a particular group. Despite the widespread use of the term "race", geneticists are increasingly convinced that race is much more a social than a scientific construct. Race includes phenotypic characteristics such as skin color, whereas ethnicity also encompasses cultural factors such as nationality, tribal affiliation, religion, language and traditions of a particular group.
Although categorizing individuals according to race and ethnicity is common practice both in diagnosis and scientific research, the meanings of these words are often confused or even unknown in the academic environment.
The custom of using race as a distinguishing characteristic in populations or individuals seeking medical assistance is perfectly acceptable in the health care setting. Despite the fact that this practice is grounded in deep-rooted prejudices, its current use has been advocated as a useful means of improving diagnosis and therapy. Race classification can be used to check whether or not randomized trials have proved successful.
It can also be useful for readers as a description of the population participating in a particular study. In , the first North American census classified the population as composed of free white men, free white women and other people Native Americans and slaves.
The census, in turn, classified the population using terms such as white, black, Chinese, Japanese and Indians. Carolus Linnaeus , creator of modern taxonomy and the term Homo sapiens, recognized four varieties of humans:. Linnaeus also recognized a fifth race without geographical definition, the Monster Homo sapiens monstrosus , comprised of various real types e.
Linnaeus' biased classification assigned to each race specific physical and moral characteristics. Blumenbach's vision continued to evolve and in , resulted in five varieties-Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American and Malayan-, which differed from the previous groups, whereby Eskimos began to be classified together with Eastern Asians.
In , Marvin Harris described the theory of hypodescence, useful in classifying the offspring of two different races. According to his theory, this offspring would belong to a biologically or socially inferior race: "The cross between a white and a Indian is a Indian, a cross between a white and a black is a black, a cross between a white and a Hindu is a Hindu, and the cross between a European and a Jew is a Jew.
The term race has a wide array of definitions commonly used to describe a group of people who share certain morphological characteristics. Most authors have learned that race is an unscientific term, which can only have a biological meaning when the human being is fully homogeneous or 'thoroughbred', as in some animal species.
These conditions, however, are never found in humans. The most apparent differences skin color, hair texture, shape of nose are determined by a handful of genes.
If you read this far, you should follow us:. Diffen LLC, n. Ethnicity vs. Comparison chart Ethnicity versus Race comparison chart Ethnicity Race Definition An ethnic group or ethnicity is a population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality or shared cultural traditions. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics which usually result from genetic ancestry.
Significance Ethnicity connotes shared cultural traits and a shared group history. Some ethnic groups also share linguistic or religious traits, while others share a common group history but not a common language or religion. Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted. In the early 19th century, racial differences were ascribed significance in areas of intelligence, health, and personality.
There is no evidence validating these ideas. Genealogy Ethnicity is defined in terms of shared genealogy, whether actual or presumed. Typically, if people believe they descend from a particular group, and they want to be associated with that group, then they are in fact members of that group. Racial categories result from a shared genealogy due to geographical isolation. In the modern world this isolation has been broken down and racial groups have mixed.
Distinguishing Factors Ethnic groups distinguish themselves differently from one time period to another. They typically seek to define themselves but also are defined by the stereotypes of dominant groups. Races are assumed to be distinguished by skin color, facial type, etc. However, the scientific basis of racial distinctions is very weak. Scientific studies show that racial genetic differences are weak except in skin color. Nationalism In 19th century, there was development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism -- creating nations based on a presumed shared ethnic origins e.
Germany, Italy, Sweden In 19th century, the concept of nationalism was often used to justify the domination of one race over another within a specific nation. Legal System In the last decades of the 20th century, in the U. They may have been raised by parents from very different groups.
And they might not want to pick which group they belong to. According to the human genome project, our DNA is This is why forms are constantly evolving—as is our understanding of both race and ethnicity. The terms we use, the categories we offer, and our beliefs about genetic make-up will continue to change over time. But for now, government forms are likely to continue asking questions about both race and ethnicity—even though not everyone will agree with the questions or the answer options.
Learn the best ways to manage stress and negativity in your life. United States Census Bureau. Why We Ask About Published United States Census Wade P. Updated July 28, Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. National Human Genome Research Institute. Genetics vs. Genomics Fact Sheet. Updated September Your Privacy Rights. What the science does show us is that across all the categories we humans construct for ourselves, we share more in common than we don't.
The real challenge for the future will be to see that, instead of our "differences" alone. Originally published on Live Science. Live Science. See all comments This article is rather disturbing in that it attempts to mix science with Political Correctness. The article implies that our concepts of Race and Racial differences is strictly social and the genetic variations are "just not there.
The attempts to indoctrinate via Pseudo Science is not. Whomever wrote this article needs to be censured. Why in heavens' name is human kind considered more than one Race. This is stupidity not Science. Humanity is but one Race. If some Neandertals had survived there would be two. That's the point of the article, we are all the same species.
Based on pure biology and Linnaeus' zoological taxonomy, there are very little differences between all humans other than how we react to the external environments in which we have evolved hair and skin color, height, facial features, muscle development, etc. Other categories beyond this are purely human-constructed; which, is not always a "bad" thing.
Only when we classify these categories as more superior or inferior do they become a source of contention. Unfortunately, that became the norm since the dawn of modern civilization. Joe said:. FairfaxPhD said:. Universality resides in the economic thesis of Karl Marx that he wrote around the early ,s.
Use morality to blame one group or another for the ills of the world. As long as you stir the pot nothing is gained you divide people. So whom is really a, "minority?
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