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Helper T cells and lymphocyte activation. The extracellular domain of CD4 regulates the initiation of T cell activation. CD4 homologues in Atlantic salmon. Phylotranscriptomics suggests the jawed vertebrate ancestor could generate diverse helper and regulatory T cell subsets. A comparison of innate and adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune response is marked by clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes, releasing many antibody copies to neutralize or destroy their target antigen.
The first time the body encounters a novel disease agent its response is known as the primary immune response. When B lymphocytes, or B cells, encounter a novel antigen, they create antibodies specific to the antigen designed to destroy or neutralize it. Simultaneously, B cells create memory cells, which are a type of B cell that survives for decades and can detect the pathogen during subsequent exposure.
It takes the body time to create antigen-specific antibodies the first time, and therefore this response takes longer than subsequent responses. This increased speed is thanks to memory cells. The above description of adaptive immunity describes active immunity , which is the immunity that occurs following pathogen exposure. Another type of adaptive immunity is passive immunity.
Passive immunity occurs when an organism receives external antibodies that protect against a disease. This protection can occur from mother to baby through the placenta or via breast milk, or by injection to defend against a specific disease.
The following table summarizes the primary differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Visit Healio. Your Module Progress. Module 1. Module Content. Thank you for participating in this module. Click below to download the certificate. Download Certificate of Participation. Previous Section Next Section. Follow Healio. Sign Up for Email Get the latest news and education delivered to your inbox Email address.
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