Family Living together, marriage and civil partnership How to separate Sorting out money Making agreements about your children If you were living together Death and wills Gender violence Children and young people View all in Family. Top links Making a will Complaining about social care services What does it mean to have power of attorney?
Child abuse - advice and support Advice for people affected by child abuse. Law and courts Legal system Claiming compensation for a personal injury Discrimination Parking tickets Civil rights. Top links Making a small claim Help for victims of rape and sexual violence. Health Coronavirus - rules you need to follow NHS healthcare Help with health costs Discrimination in health and care services Going abroad for dental care NHS and social care complaints.
NHS and adult social care complaints Find out how to complain about your doctor or health visitor. Top links Find your local Citizens Advice Volunteer with us Jobs in our network Press releases Our blogs Read what we're saying about a range of issues. England This advice applies to England: England home Advice can vary depending on where you live. What are hate incidents and hate crime? This advice applies to England Print. Read this page to find out more about hate incidents and hate crime.
Violent hate crimes against racial minorities are more common in neighborhoods that are undergoing demographic change. These areas have long been inhabited by majority members but are experiencing an immigration of racial minority-group members. Majority members may feel threatened personally and conclude that their way of life is being undermined by the minority influx.
Some commit hate crimes to defend the neighborhood. The larger community and its political elites at times endorse a cultural framework that understands and may even support the commission of hate crimes. Even in neighborhoods that are not socially disorganized, increasing the numbers of minority members in majority areas is still associated with more hate offenses. There are some important differences between anti-black and anti-white hate crimes.
In contrast, anti-white hate crimes are more likely to occur in disorganized locations where residential turnover is more common. Meanwhile, anti-gay hate crimes are more likely to occur in areas where gays are more numerous. It has been argued that local hate crimes against Jews are linked to a rise in tension or a specific event in the Israel-Palestine conflict or other tensions occurring in the Middle East. Hate crimes are also more common in areas that have recently experienced hate-group activity.
For example, more hate crimes occurred in North Carolina counties that had recently had a cross burning. The climate in these areas may also be more accepting of hate crimes.
Hate groups may create an environment, in other words, that justifies the commission of hate crimes. Similarly, hate groups may focus on areas that are undergoing demographic change to take advantage of the increased tension and use it as an opportunity to mobilize.
These groups may recruit members, while also encouraging individuals to commit hate crimes in the area. College towns and neighborhoods could also pose a special risk for hate crimes.
In some primarily white American cities and towns the only racial and ethnic minority members residing in these cities may be minority students that came to the city to attend college. These minority-group members thus usually constitute only a small part of the overall community population.
Even if these students are welcomed within the college community, they might not be in the outside community. Older and larger hate groups are more likely to be violent. Similarly, groups led by charismatic leaders, and groups that advocate for leaderless resistance tactics are also more likely to be violent. Interestingly, groups that publish ideological literature are less likely to be violent.
Most hate-crime offenders are male and white. Approximately 60 percent of violent hate crimes are committed by white males. Hate-crime offenders are usually juveniles or young people. In fact, nearly half of all hate-crime offenders are under the age of 20, although hate-crime offenders who commit violence tend to be older than those committing property crimes. There are several hate-crime offender typologies. A few scholars have interviewed hate-crime offenders, focusing on those associated with racist hate groups.
These studies have found that many offenders feared interracial marriage and increased minority immigration. Although most hate-crime offenders are young and have no criminal record, it has been found that the criminal histories of hate-crime offenders differed based upon the groups they targeted.
Offenders attacking racial minorities were found to have more extensive and violent criminal histories, while perpetrators targeting religious groups had fewer prior offenses and less serious criminal histories. Offenders striking against gays had prior histories of violence, but these were not hate-crime related.
These crimes often involve multiple offenders. The offenders are more likely to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol and more likely to seriously injure the victim when compared to offenders who commit other types of assaults. According to the NCVS, race 58 percent is the most likely motivation of hate crime, with African Americans the most targeted. The next most frequent motivation is ethnicity 30 percent.
Other motivations include sexual orientation 15 percent , religion 12 percent , and disability 10 percent. Interestingly, crimes motivated by religious bias are more likely to be property rather than personal crimes. Compared to non-hate crimes, hate offenses are more likely to occur near the victim's home. When used in a hate crime law, the word "hate" does not mean rage, anger, or general dislike.
Most state hate crime laws include crimes committed on the basis of race, color, and religion; many also include crimes committed on the basis of sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, and disability. The "crime" in hate crime is often a violent crime, such as assault, murder, arson, vandalism, or threats to commit such crimes.
It may also cover conspiring or asking another person to commit such crimes, even if the crime was never carried out. Hate crimes have a broader effect than most other kinds of crime. Hate crimes affect families, communities, and at times, the entire nation. The Hate Crimes Reporting Gap is the significant disparity between hate crimes that actually occur and those reported to law enforcement. It is critical to report hate crimes not only to show support and get help for victims, but also to send a clear message that the community will not tolerate these kinds of crimes.
Reporting hate crimes allows communities and law enforcement to fully understand the scope of the problem in a community and put resources toward preventing and addressing attacks based on bias and hate. Hate Crime : At the federal level, a crime motivated by bias against race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability.
Bias or Hate Incident : Acts of prejudice that are not crimes and do not involve violence, threats, or property damage. Six black men assaulted and seriously injured a white man and his Asian male friend as they were walking through a residential neighborhood. October 27, In this article The targets of hate crime What motivates hate offenders?
Hate crime vs. Hate crime prosecutions Recommendations. Arkansas, Indiana, South Carolina, and Wyoming do not have hate crime laws but still report hate crime data to the FBI The FBI releases a hate crime report each year, but it vastly understates the extent of the problem for several reasons. The targets of hate crime. The demonstrators from Houston, numbering about 20, contended that the hate crime law is unfair to white people.
What motivates hate offenders? Examples include crimes committed against Muslims after the San Bernardino terrorist attack. They often write at length about their hate and have elaborate, pre-meditated plans of attack. AP Images. People take part in a candlelight memorial service the day after the June 12, , mass shooting at the Pulse gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida.
Martin Luther King Jr. Getty Images. History of federal hate crime legislation. Demonstrators gather outside the Teachers College of Columbia University in New York City on October 10, , to protest the placement of a noose outside the office door of an African-American professor.
Addressing hate crimes on campus. Gaps in hate crime data collection. Should more be done? Hate crime prosecutions. Candles are lit during a vigil for Matthew Shepard, a year- old gay student in Wyoming whose brutal murder inspired the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of The federal government should take a number of actions to combat hate crimes.
The Justice Department, for example, should: Speak out against hate: Send a clear and consistent message that bias-motivated attacks are unacceptable. Promptly implement the Covid Hate Crime Act, working with community-based stakeholders to fund and create the state hate crime hotlines housed in non-law enforcement agencies. Incentivize, encourage, and train state and local law enforcement agencies to more comprehensively collect and report hate crime data to the FBI.
Collect hate crime data from every federal law enforcement agency. Establish a separate working group or task force to address hate violence and bias-motivated incidents.
0コメント