Gibson, I. A review of the geology, petrology and geochemistry of the Volcano Fantale. Goitom, B. First recorded eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, Gouin, P. Earthquake History of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. Grandin, R. September Manda Hararo-Dabbahu rifting event, Afar Ethiopia : constraints provided by geodetic data. Gudmundsson, A. Dynamics of volcanic systems in Iceland: example of tectonism and volcanism at juxtaposed hot spot and mid-ocean ridge systems.
Surface stresses associated with arrested dykes in rift zones. How local stresses control magma chamber ruptures, dyke injections, and eruptions in composite volcanoes. Deflection of dykes into sills at discontinuities and magma chamber formation. Tectonophysics , 50— Rock Fractures in Geological Processes.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Magma chambers:formation, local stresses, excess pressures, and compartments. How local stress fields prevent volcanic eruptions. Effects of internal structure and local stresses on fracture propagation, deflection and arrest in fault zones. Hamling, I. Geodetic observations of the ongoing Dabbahu rifting episode: new dyke intrusions in and Hamlyn, J. Seismicity and subsidence following the Nabro eruption, Eritrea: insights into the plumbing system of an off-rift volcano.
Hammond, J. Constraining melt geometries beneath the Afar Depression, Ethiopia from teleseismic receiver functions: the anisotropic H-k stacking technique. Differentiating flow, melt or fossil seismic anisotropy beneath Ethiopia. Harkin, D. The Rungwe volcanics at the northern end of Lake Nyasa. Survey Tanganyika Memoir II, Harris, A. Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review. Harris, W. The Highlands of Ethiopia, Vol.
London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans. Heidbach, O. Global crustal stress pattern based on the World Stress Map database release Tectonophysics , 3— Hutchison, W. Structural controls on fluid pathways in an active rift system: a case study of the Aluto volcanic complex. Geosphere 11, — Isola, I. Spatial variability of volcanic features in early-stage rift settings: the case of the Tanzanian Divergence, East African rift system. Terra Nova 26, — Karingithi, C. Processes controlling aquifer fluid compositions in the Olkaria geothermal system, Kenya.
Keir, D. The origin of along-rift variations in faulting and magmatism in the Ethiopian Rift. Tectonics 34, — Mapping the evolving strain field during continental breakup from crustal anisotropy in the Afar Depression.
Tectonics TC Kendall, J. Why is Africa rifting? Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia. Kervyn, M. Volcano load control on dyke propagation and vent distribution: insights from analogue modeling. Fundamental changes in the activity of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania: eruptive behaviour during the explosive eruptions.
Komorowski, J. The January flank eruption of the Nyiragongo Volcano Democratic Republic of Congo : chronology, evidence for a tectonic rift trigger and impact of lava flows on the city of Goma. Acta Vulcanol. CrossRef Full Text. Koptev, A. Dual continental rift systems generated by plume-lithosphere interaction. Maccaferri, F. How the differential load induced by normal fault scarps controls the distribution of monogenetic volcanism. A quantitative study of the mechanisms governing dike propagation, dike arrest and sill formation.
Off-rift volcanism in rift zones determined by crustal unloading. Marshall, A. Mazzarini, F. Spatial relationship between earthquakes and volcanic vents in the central-northern Main Ethiopian Rift.
McClusky, S. Kinematics of the southern Red Sea-Afar triple junction and implications for plate dynamics. McGarr, A. State of stress in the Earth's crust.
Mogi, K. Relations between eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformations of the ground surfaces around them. Mohr, P. Morley, C. Transfer zones in the East African Rift System and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration in rifts.
Geologists 74, — Muirhead, J. Varying styles of magmatic strain accommodation across the East African Rift. Geosystems 16, — Muller, O. The stress state near Spanish Peaks, Colorado, determined from a dike pattern. Pure Appl. Nakamura, K. Volcanoes as possible indicators of tectonic stress orientation — principle and proposal.
Nobile, A. Nowacki, A. Oppenheimer, C. Pagli, C. Shallow axial magma chamber at the slow spreading Erta Ale Ridge. Pinel, V. The effect of edifice load on magma ascent beneath a volcano. Rivalta, E. A review of mechanical models of dyke propagation: schools of thought, results and future directions.
Robertson, E. Roman, A. The impact of a volcanic edifice on intrusive and eruptive activity. Sachau, T. Fault kinematics and stress fields in the Ruwenzori Mountains, Uganda. Saria, E. Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift. Savage, M. Stress magnitude and its temporal variation at Mt. Asama Volcano, Japan, from seismic anisotropy. Savin, G. Stress Concentration around Holes. New York, NY: Pergamon. Sawyer, G. Scoon, R. Geobulletin Geol. South Afr. Scott, S. The geology of Longonot volcano, central Kenya: a question of volumes.
Sealing, C. Master's thesis, Michigan Technological University. Available online at: digitalcommons. Segall, P. Earthquake and Volcano Deformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Skinner, N. The secular variation of declination and inclination in Kenya. Smets, B. A new map of the lava flow field of Nyamuragira D.
Congo from satellite imagery. Spacapan, J. Control of strike-slip fault on dyke emplacement and morphology. Spath, A. Stamps, D. Lithospheric buoyancy forces in Africa from a thin sheet approach. Szpak, Z. Guaranteed ellipse fitting with a confidence region and n uncertainty measure for centre, axes and orientation. Imaging Vis. Tarantola, A. Geodetic evidence for rifting in Afar: a brittle-elastic model of the behaviour of the lithosphere. Tazieff, H.
An exceptional eruption: Mt. Nyiragongo, January 10 th , Tedesco, D. January volcano-tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo. Thompson, A. Geology of the Naivasha area. Kenya 55, 1— Tibaldi, A.
Structure of volcano plumbing systems: a review of multi-parametric effects. The diverging volcanic rift system. Tectonophysics , 94— Toombs, A. Co-eruptive and inter-eruptive surface deformation measured by satellite radar interferometry at Nyamuragira volcano, D. Congo, to Tuckwell, G. Models of fracture orientation at oblique spreading centres. Vellutini, P. Wadge, G. Stress field control of eruption dynamics at a rift volcano: Nyamuragira, D. Walker, K. On the relationship between extension and anisotropy: constraints from shear wave splitting across the East African Plateau.
Solid Earth B Wauthier, C. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and Permissions. Ruch, J. Nat Commun 7, Download citation. Received : 15 September Accepted : 23 June Published : 05 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Nature Geoscience Remote Sensing in Earth Systems Sciences Pure and Applied Geophysics Bulletin of Volcanology Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Advanced search.
Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Seismology Volcanology. Abstract Extension deficit builds up over centuries at divergent plate boundaries and is recurrently removed during rifting events, accompanied by magma intrusions and transient metre-scale deformation.
Introduction The active rift in Iceland is the locus where the Eurasian plate separates from the North American plate at a rate of Figure 1: Rifting event seismicity and graben location. Full size image. Results Timing and seismicity of the —15 intrusion We first analysed the temporal development of the magma intrusion and its propagation based on evolution of relocated seismicity 7.
Figure 2: Volcano-structural evolution of the graben area. Figure 3: Graben deformation. Figure 4: Dyke model and left-lateral shear opening. Discussion The rifting activity in caused extension with normal faulting and graben subsidence, which later was mostly buried by the lava of the eruption Figs 2 and 4d.
Methods Seismicity The earthquake data shown in Fig. Deformation modelling We first used a simple dyke model to generate synthetic surface displacements from which we created a quadtree sub-sampling mask to ensure a higher density of points near the graben Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request, except the seismic data.
Additional information How to cite this article : Ruch, J. References 1 DeMets, C. Article Google Scholar 3 Sigurdsson, O. Google Scholar 4 Wright, T. Google Scholar 6 Larsen, G. Google Scholar 7 Sigmundsson, F.
Google Scholar 25 Michel, R. Article Google Scholar 29 Okada, Y. Google Scholar Download references. View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Supplementary information. Rights and permissions This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. About this article. Cite this article Ruch, J. Copy to clipboard. Konstantinou , I. Wahyu Utami , D.
Hartley , David A. Kapoho Cone, formed during an older rift zone eruption is visible on the horizon, downrift of the active fissures upper left. Photo taken on May 20, But why are the rift zones so active? Rift zones are areas of weakness in the volcano which form early in its lifetime, likely due to spreading of the volcano as it settles. The youngest Hawaiian volcanoes typically have two or three rift zones depending on whether they are built up against a neighboring volcano.
As pressure builds within the summit magma plumbing system, rift zone intrusions, like the intrusion into the lower East Rift Zone LERZ , can occur. Intrusions are typically accompanied by increasing numbers of earthquakes as the magma strains and fractures the ground along its path. The earthquakes are concentrated at depths of 2—4 km about 1. In addition to seismicity, ground deformation also occurs during a rift zone intrusion.
Inflation above the intrusion is measured by tilt and GPS stations showing upward and outward motion as the stations move away from the swelling rift zone. As the magma ascends and forces its way through the rock, fracturing is mirrored on the ground surface with many parallel cracks above the intrusion.
Along the Juan de Fuca mid-ocean ridge, scientists have been monitoring seismicity, ground subsidence, and hydrothermal systems along the CoAxial Segment , which was detected as erupting in In Hawaii, there is evidence for submarine eruptions in Kilauea east rift zone , Mauna Loa summit and submarine west flank , and most recently on Loihi large earthquake swarms occurred in and We will investigate how magma moves underground through vertical, or nearly vertical, fractures called dikes.
Stresses affect the orientation of dikes, which open, or widen, in the direction of least resistance, and propagate, or grow longer and taller, perpendicular to the direction of opening. Hawaiian shield volcanoes are charcterized by concentrated regions of dike injections, called rift zones.
We will use gelatin, molded in bowls or bread pans, as transparent models of volcanic landforms, and colored water as the dike-forming magma. You may build the gelatin volcanoes Activities 1 and 2 in groups of 2 or 3 if you'd like in order to save money on materials. The gelatin takes at least 3 hours of refrigeration to set.
Build a model of a volcano using gelatin, food coloring, and a round bowl. Follow the directions at this site. Remember not to inject the colored water too fast or it will ruin the dike simulation. Describe what happens to the magma red water when it is injected into the volcano gelatin cast.
Where does it go? What shape does it take? Does it erupt through the surface? Are there differences in the direction magma takes when the syringe is inserted in different parts of the gelatin cast? Sketch a map view of the positions and shapes of the magma bodies in the volcano Procedure Sketch a cross-section of the gelatin volcano perpendicular to the direction of dike propagation to show its "line" shape on edge by following Procedures Build a model of a a volcanic rift zone using gelatin, food coloring, and a bread pan or elongated pan.
Follow the same directions as in Activity 1, but make the model rectangular in cross-section to simulate a long rift zone. If you want, you can more accurately simulate a rift zone by slicing the bread pan cast to create a triangular-shaped cross-section from the rectangular one. Describe the differences between the gelatin models of the volcano, and that of the rift zone?
Why do you think they propagate in these patterns? Does magma spread more easily in the volcano or along the rift zone?
Decker, R. Decker, Volcanoes , 3rd Edition, W. Freeman, New York, pp. Press, F. Siever, Understanding Earth , 2nd Edition, W. Simkin, T. Tilling, R. Heliker, and T. Geological Survey, Washington, D.
0コメント